Interview with Grandparents Essay

The idea of marriage has changed throughout the years, the definition has not. While talking with Dante (sr. ) and Joanne Zarlenga, both had a lot to state on the theme. Dante, a resigned engineer, naval force man, and friends proprietor, said â€Å"I feel as if the sacredness of marriage has lessened throughout the years. † With this being stated, the meaning of marriage is the conventional association of two people, perceived by the law and in many cases the congregation. The idea of marriage has profoundly changed. In the days when Dante and Joanne were hitched, 60+ years prior, marriage was a definitive type of duty, intended to endure forever. In today’s society, marriage is basically another degree of duty, fit to be ended at one’s wish. Parenthood is regularly viewed as the most troublesome excursion in the life of an individual. At the point when one turns into a parent, regardless of whether it is inside marriage, he/she gets liable for the life of another. Joanne stated, in a silly way, â€Å"I think the most troublesome part of parenthood is giving birth†¦.. your dad may have been the most difficult. † Dante at that point hindered by saying, â€Å"there are many high points and low points about parenthood, however a decent parent never quits.† These are words to live by. The sheer idea of being liable for the life of someone else is troublesome and frequently frightening, however watching that youngster bloom that makes parenthood so satisfying and fulfilling. By anyone’s gauges, there are many remunerating parts of parenthood. As Joanne expressed, â€Å"it’s difficult to pinpoint one snapshot of parenthood that has been the ‘most’ fulfilling. † She proceeded by saying, â€Å"from the second my first kid was destined to the second I take my last inhale, that is the most compensating piece of parenthood. † This announcement says to such an extent. Joanne is basically expressing that each part of parenthood is fulfilling, not only one specific second. â€Å"There are such huge numbers of things to be glad for my kids for. They’ve all become into such superb adults,† said Dante. It is guardians like Joanne and Dante who demonstrate that even troublesome undertaking can be fulfilling. As everybody knows, turning into a parent changes each part of one’s life, particularly close to home and work. At the point when Dante and Joanne had their first youngster, Joanne missed a great deal of work. She was the sort of mother who needed to be there to bring up her youngster as opposed to recruiting a caretaker to do it for her. Since she was taking such a great amount of time off work, Dante started to work longer days to make up for the absence of a subsequent pay. Like all guardians, Dante and Joanne did what they could to make an agreeable life for their youngsters. The difference in parenthood was â€Å"a breath of new air,† said Dante. â€Å"It was ideal to realize I was prepared to do more than making parts or taking orders,† he proceeded. Parenthood isn't for everybody as a result of the progressions that happen in one’s own life. To the extent changing the past, both Dante and Joanne concurred that in spite of the fact that they probably won't have been impeccable guardians, there was nothing they would do to revamp history. Whatever their methods for child rearing, it more likely than not worked in light of the fact that they bring up four youngsters into four effective grown-ups. There are such a large number of things guardians to-be should know. As expressed by Dante, â€Å"the one thing I wish I would have known before turning into a parent is exactly how hard parenthood is. † There isn't one single recommendation the Zarlengas would give on the grounds that there are such a large number of exercises better learned through understanding. â€Å"The one thing I will tell anyone thinking about turning into a parent, be prepared to give your life for somebody else,† said Joanne. Child rearing and grandparenting are isolated by an age. Grandparenting comes in a wide range of structures. A few grandparents co-raise their grandkids, some equitable keep an eye on or when they are required. â€Å"There is just one wrong type of grandparenting, attempting to raise grandkids as your own,† said Dante. In many cases grandparents utilized grandkids as an approach to address there botches when they brought up their own youngsters. As said by Joanne, â€Å"grandparenting resembles another opportunity at child rearing. It is additionally the most ideal approach to impart the abundance of information to my children.† She recognizes that there are sure lines not to be crossed by a grandparent. All through the numerous phases of parenthood, there are numerous difficulties to be confronted and numerous compensations to be harvested. According to Joanne, perhaps the hardest piece of parenthood isn't realizing how to quiet your kid down as another parent. â€Å"there were evenings when Joe(the most seasoned) wouldn’t quit crying and it murdered me inside in light of the fact that there wasn’t anything I could do about it,† said Joanne. Dante concurred including, â€Å"it was troublesome when the children were learning things that I could no longer assistance them with. I felt incompetent.† Both concurred that the most remunerating piece of parenthood is taking a gander at who their kids have become and the brilliant things they have achieved. In the wake of meeting Dante and Joanne Zarlenga, my grandparents, I felt a feeling of trust later on. I understood that there are numerous things to anticipate later on. There was nothing that I was excessively shocked by. Getting hitched and raising a family is one of the most testing attempts, yet the prizes are unequaled by whatever else. There are numerous viewpoints I would regard important to be a decent parent. One of the fundamental characteristics would be persistence. I can just envision the trouble of bringing up a kid and afterward releasing him. I frequently feel that being a parent, in specific ways, is like being a director of a major enterprise. Both included a lot of duty to be responsible for different people’s lives. I know my grandparents well overall and realize that their kids are their unrivaled delight and their grandkids are a nearby second. They would do anything for anybody in their family and not anticipate anything consequently. The Zarlengas are genuinely benevolent which makes them the best kind of parent and grandparent.

Skimming and Cramming

There are many investigation techniques that are utilized by understudies while changing for assessments. A few strategies are successful while others are insufficient. Viable strategies are useful since they help understudies to comprehend and hold a great deal of data. Incapable techniques are tedious as well as lead to consume out.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Skimming and Cramming explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it turns out to be progressively hard for understudies utilizing such strategies to hold solid and significant data. In view of that foundation, this paper will portray packing and skimming which are inadequate examination techniques. Packing can be depicted as an examination strategy which includes attempting to retain a great deal of data inside a brief timeframe. It is for the most part utilized by understudies who like to consider when the assessment is nearly or during the most recent couple of days. Because of t he weight in question, it brings about poor maintenance of data for a long span of time. It at that point fills the need of the assessment after which the understudy overlooks a great deal of data. As a rule, an instructor gives a long cutoff time before the date of the test. Because of delaying, the cutoff time nearly arrives at end without the notification of the understudy. An understudy may recall about the test might be a day or two preceding the due date. In actuality, one day can't be sufficient to experience all the work the understudy may have secured. At that specific time, the understudy attempts to experience all the work and to hold a great deal of data however much as could reasonably be expected (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo pp. 216). The mind can be compared to a wipe to such an extent that there is requirement for it to retain the data gradually. It can likewise be compared to a conduit where water goes through while getting into a dam. A consistent progression of w ater typically has no issue however when a ton of water attempts to get past a similar passage, harms as a rule happen due to over flooding and some water additionally gets lost. A similar case happens to mind during packing. Some data is generally lost and the propensity can likewise be impeding to one’s health.Advertising Looking for paper on training? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Skimming is one more incapable examination technique particularly while planning for a test. It is a technique which includes perusing an entire entry, a section or any type of composing with a point of knowing only the fundamental thought. In this way, the peruser utilizing the strategy doesn't peruse cautiously yet just looks for the fundamental thought. The peruser just spotlights on the theme sentence and doesn't peruse different sentences that clarify or bolster the primary thought. Much of the time, skimming is utilized by an ind ividual who is as of now acquainted with the data being perused in such a case that material happens to be new, the individual can miss on significant subtleties. For example, an individual skimming through this article will presumably peruse the primary section which should contain the postulation or the fundamental thought. By so doing, the individual will have the option to build up that the paper centers around ineffectual strategies for study which incorporate packing and skimming. The following stage would include looking for passages which clarify the importance of every strategy. In such a case, the peruser won’t sit around idly on perusing the clarification part. Thus, the technique is incapable on the grounds that there is a great deal that is forgotten about. Also, it is done quick with the end goal that there is no an ideal opportunity to incorporate a great deal of data (Reading Styles †Skimming). The article doesn't just concentrate on the portrayal of skim ming and packing yet additionally on why the two are ineffectual investigation strategies. Packing includes attempting to peruse and hold a ton of data inside a brief span of time. Then again, skimming includes perusing rapidly through the perusing material so as to look for the fundamental thought. All things considered, unmistakably skimming and packing can't be prescribed to understudies perusing for assessment purposes. Works Cited Pastorino, Ellen E. what's more, Susann M. Doyle-Portillo. What Is Psychology? Fundamentals. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2008. Perusing Styles †Skimming. 2011. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Skimming and Cramming explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This exposition on Skimming and Cramming was composed and presented by client Brice Mclean to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

How long-lasting parental conflict in a marriage can influence Essay

To what extent enduring parental clash in a marriage can impact youngsters while experiencing childhood in the home - Essay Example To what extent enduring parental clash in a marriage can impact kids while experiencing childhood in the home? Youngster advancement is a speculative development which relies upon guardians' delicate behabiours that requires for the growing up of the kid. Youngster improvement with a focus upon mental advancement appears to deny maturational, i.e., physical, mental, engine, and neurological. In this exploration paper contended that kid improvement and mental procedures in youngsters are probably going to be exceptionally influenced by the durable parental clash in a marriage. Different degrees of examination (e.g., financial, political, institutional, instructive) of the impacts of the enduring parental clash in a marriage on grown-ups and youngsters in families. The particular hole tended to in this paper is to facilitate the conceptualization of the mental, sociological, and familial procedures in youngsters that might be influenced by the dependable parental clash in a marriage in families. A related objective is to put these conceptualizations regarding a more extensive structure for unde rstanding the intricacy of the procedures fundamental the effect of the contention. Numerous guardians expect that as long as their voices are kids are not brought up, their youngsters will stay unconscious of the current contention. The general thought known as kid advancement began an age prior as an interdisciplinary development, no as a control in itself. ... In the course of recent decades, a developing collection of research has concentrated on the contention in the family and how those contentions influence youngsters. Henry W. Maier, concluded that any hypothesis to be remembered for his book Three Theories of Child Development needed to manage character improvement as a consistent and consecutive procedure, beginning with kid's status as a newborn child and managing each resulting phase of mental development: youth, adolescence, and puberty. A significant part of the more work has been given to parent conduct as the forerunner and to youngster behabiour as the resulting. While we are nothing the effect of the fatherly demeanor on the youngster it well for us to consider the perspective on the kid has of his folks a few investigations demonstrate that kids have clear thoughts regarding their associations with their folks. Freudian hypothesis has it that the relationship of the youngster to his parent of the other gender is basic in th e improvement of his character. Clearly, as well, the quality of the mother or father has a significant impact. The examination will look at the differential impacts of the guardians on the kid's turn of events. Mother-father connections have a practically immediate bearing on the kid. (Hoffman, and Lippitt, 1960). 3. The dependable conjugal clash's Psychological Hypothesis As the examination shows, the durable conjugal clash can influence youngsters' turn of events. From the start, mother went into the newborn child's with equivalent impact, as the mother's brief substitute or as somebody with some supporting reason or as a hindrance to his sustain. As the newborn child picks up trust in his folks, his condition and his lifestyle, he begins to find that

Moral and Ethical Issues of Euthanasia Essay -- Euthanasia Physician A

Good and Ethical Issues of Euthanasia  As we as a whole know, clinical treatment can help spare lives. Be that as it may, is there a clinical treatment that would really help end life? Despite the fact that it's frequently bantered upon, the method is as yet used to help the guide of a patient's passing. Typically named as kindness murdering, killing is the practice of completion a real existence in order to discharge a person from a hopeless infection or unfortunate misery (Encarta). My contention over this point is that willful extermination ought to have exacting models over its utilization. There are various instances of killing that ought to be taken a gander at and diverse purpose of perspectives that ought to be thought of. I will be investigating VE (Voluntary Euthanasia), which includes a solicitation by the perishing persistent or that individual's legitimate agent. These various techniques are as per the following: inactive or negative killing, which includes not planning something for forestall demise or permi tting somebody to bite the dust and dynamic or positive willful extermination which includes making purposeful move to cause a passing. I have motivations to accept that uninvolved or negative willful extermination can be an accommodating method of end enduring, while dynamic or positive killing isn't. Concurring Richard Gula, dynamic killing is legitimately viewed as manslaughter (5). Another intercession and way to deal with killing could be using pain relieving implies. The utilization of morphine or other sedative drug could be utilized to permit the patient to bite the dust or rush their perishing procedure. I believe the last technique to be more others conscious than that of the other in light of the fact that it is ethically off-base to execute an individual, rather it's empathetic for somebody to bite the dust normally. Before I talk about the rights and wrongs of killing, I will characterize demise or an individual, when is it safe to state... ...Jack D. Willful extermination. Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® 98 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1997: Microsoft Corporation. Compact disc ROM. Frederick, Calvin J. Passing and Dying. Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® 98 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1997: Microsoft Corporation. Compact disc ROM. Gula, Richard M. What Are They Saying About Euthanasia?. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1986. McGee, Glenn and Arthur L. Caplan. Clinical Ethics. Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® 98 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1997: Microsoft Corporation. Disc ROM. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Characterizing Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981. Robert Matz; Daniel P. Sudmasy; Edward D. Pallegrino. Killing: Morals and Ethics. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999: p1815 Aug. 9, 1999 .

Term Paper Writing Just Do It

Term Paper Writing: Just Do It Every student has a problem of writing a term paper as they always put aside this kind of assignment and wait till the last moment to deal with it. Most of the time, students cannot work on their academic paper because of several reasons: lack of experience, missed lessons, unclear assignment or incapacity of an arrangement of working time (lack of skills of effective planning and balancing of activities). Notwithstanding all the obstacles, the one should not forget that this kind of assignment is a great part of their final grade that includes close reading, analyzing and developing of the strong arguments. Moreover, writing a term paper is a demanding process which requires comprehensive planning and extensive reading. Stuck on Your Term paper Check out these example term paper. The term paper writing process peculiarities The Season of Term Papers Generally, students are supposed to work on their academic research paper at the end of the year or course. This kind of assignment shows your achievements over the year, it reflects everything you have learned and accomplished during the course. Level of Difficulty Writing a term paper is not as simple as writing essays or response paper. It requires more sufficient data and reliable sources. Consequently, this process requires a lot more time and effort compared to the other types of academic research papers. What format to use Your college term paper should be properly referenced due to the required formatting style (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago). It is forbidden to provide references to nonexistent sources or authors and use fake facts as justification to your arguments and ideas. It can affect your total grade greatly.  In addition, you are supposed to use in-text citations respectively to the format. Do not forget to use quotation marks for direct quotation. Dont know how to format your paper? Get help from  APA research paper writing services. A question of uniqueness You are to follow zero-plagiarism policy. In other words, you cannot use works of the students from previous years or any other paper as it will be counted as cheating. You cannot simply copy the text or paraphrase someone’s ideas. Your task it to do your own research and come up with the compelling answers to the questions raised in the investigation based on sufficient data and reliable references. How to start Normally, writing begins with drafting of the term paper outline and developing of the main parts of the work. Once you have finished working on the draft, you can move to the close reading and highlighting the most sufficient parts of the books under investigation. At this stage students are to determine the angle of their research and form the strong thesis, which reflects the main idea of your term paper. What to avoid The commonly used mistakes are the abundance of colloquial words, contractions and unnecessary words. The students often misspell words or use punctuation marks that don’t correspond to the style. The academic paper should be devoid of the mistakes mentioned above. Consequently, term paper requires extensive proofreading. Do not forget that often online proofreading can be not as effective as reading through your paper over and over again. You can request homework help online At first sight, it seems a really demanding work to write an academic paper. It requires a great attention and a lot of time and effort. However, every problem has its solution. Have you ever heard about paper writing services? This is a special kind of service, which provides term paper help too. It is a fast and reliable way to get your assignment done. There is a plenty of writing services that can help you to write your assignment. Through years the name of the best paper writing service was earned by Edusson.com. The  Edusson Company delivers help and support to students around the world. It is a leading paper writing platform that has over 1000 academic experts always ready to give a hand and provide college help. Moreover, they can offer a personal approach to any kind of topic. Our website is user-friendly,  in a few  clicks you get the help of the best paper writers. On the homepage in the section â€Å"Services† you can find a â€Å"Write my paper† option, which will be the first step on your way to get the excellent grade. On the homepage you can also look through the topics, samples, how-to-write guides and other self-help resources.

Hadst thou groaned for him Maternity, Power, and History in Richard II - Literature Essay Samples

Richard II, like most of Shakespeares history plays (though, notably, unlike his comedies and tragedies), establishes a theatrical world dominated by men and masculinity. Female characters are few, and those that appear on the stage tend to say little and have less agency. But, as critic Graham Holderness notes, women may not be much in evidence in the play, but femininity is (173). Holderness article A Womans War: A Feminist Reading of Richard II attempts to reinsert femininity into history and historicity into feminist criticism, but his insightful argument does not examine fully enough the most powerful way in which femininity is in evidence in Richard II: in the imagery, metaphors, and explicit comments about motherhood, maternity, and childbirth that appear at various important moments throughout the play. Maternity not only reinserts femininity into the history play but indeed constructs femininity as the site of an uncanny, incomprehensible experience (of emotion, of power, of pain) that haunts both male and female characters and makes women far from a silent presence in Richard II. From John of Gaunts searing elegy to his threatened motherland to Queen Isabellas prophetic fantasy of the birth of sorrow to the Duchess Yorks impassioned plea on behalf of her traitorous son Aumerle, maternity, and the mother-child relationship, are represented as traumatic painful and ineffaceable sources of knowledge and power that resonate throughout not only individual life but (through metaphor and rhetoric) the life of the nation and, thus, in a sense, structure the way history is created and experienced within the play.Queen Isabella is certainly the most tragic female character in Richard II; for most of the play (most saliently in scene 2.1) she is, as Holderness notes, a virtually silent, self-effacing character, who is also ignored by everyone else in the room, virtually as an absence, a non-existence (170). When she speaks, her words often seem as vague and unfocused as the sense of sorrow that haunts her; entering the garden with her attendants and asking What sport shall we devise here in this garden/To drive away the heavy tough of care (3.4.1-2), then stubbornly refusing every sport, the Queen seems silly and childlike if not altogether mad, a pathetic Ophelia-like creature addled by grief. The Queens speech in 2.2, though, is both eloquent and thematically significant, and its engagement with the issue of maternity is fascinating. Haunted by a sadness that has no obvious cause, the Queen says that Yet again, methinks,/Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortunes womb/Is coming towards me, and my inward soul/With nothing trembles. At something it grieves/More than with parting from my lord the king (2.1.9-13). Queen Isabellas voice is not only melancholy but prophetic; with what might be somewhat crudely called a particularly feminine kind of knowledge (insight denied to, or ignored by, men), she anticipates the plays impending tragedy and puts the fall of a King a moment of national, historic crisis into the language of pregnancy and maternity, envisioning a fortune that might be broadly defined as the narrative shape of history or of the play as a pregnant woman, a mother.Refusing Bushys reassurance that Tis nothing but conceit, my gracious lady (2.2.33), the historically childless Isabella (Holderness 177) continues to imagine herself as involved, in a complicated fashion, in the birth of tragedy. Holderness claims that Isabella naturally uses the imagery of pregnancy and birth, but displaces such possibilities from her own body, envisaging the birth of nothing but misfortune (176). I am not convinced, however, that Isabellas rhetoric is so far removed from her body: nothing was a commonly recognized Elizabethan euphemism for vagina, and the Queens repeated use of the word (my inward soul/with nothing trembles [2.2.12]; As, though on thinking on no thought I think,/Makes me with heavy nothing faint and shrink [2 .2.31-32]; Tis nothing less/For nothing hath begot my something grief,/Or something hath the nothing that I grieve [2.1.34-37]) in speeches that deal explicitly with pregnancy and childbirth suggest that this meaning is being consciously referenced here. The female genitals, literally the site of reproduction and birth, metaphorically (and through worldplay) become the site of premonition and tragedy; Isabella implies, in fact, that her portentous melancholy is a fatherless child, a pure product only of the female genitals: Conceit is still derived/From some forefather grief. Mine is not so,/For nothing hath begot my something grief (2.2.34-36). Her next line Or something hath the nothing that I grieve (2.2.37) might be read as mourning the loss of that moment of purity or as claiming further agency for the female body, the location of a physicalized, embodied knowledge (and thus power) derived from the experience of maternity, one that becomes more closely tied to Isabellas own body when she says So, Green, thou art the midwife to my woe,/Bolingbroke my sorrows dismal heir./Now hath my soul brought forth her prodigy;/And I, a gasping new-delivered mother,/Have woe to woe, sorrow to sorrow joined (2.1.62-66). The female experience of the traumatic pain of childbirth as the prodigy or monstrous omen (which is, of course, now justified and proved not nothing at all) is transmitted through Isabellas soul and conflated with her body or genitals becomes explicitly tied to the workings of the state and of history: not only are Isabellas personal woe and sorrow joined to those of England, but it is through the womans suffering that the sufferings of the King and the nation are both dramatically anticipated and rhetorically represented.The plays most explicit representation of the power of motherhood is its last: against the wishes of her husband, who turns against their son Aumerle for his treasonous plot, the Duchess of York begs King Henry for pardon on behalf of her son. Holderness argues that, in contrast to the Queen and the Duchess of Gloucester, the Duchess of York offers what is in effect a contrasting success-story, precisely because she accepts and embraces the subjected and marginal role of womenthe prospect of losing her son would rob her of her very existence (178), exemplifying Holderness thesis that womens identities in the play are constituted solely through their relationships to men, that their only function in this masculine world is that of bearing sons for their powerful husbands (177). Holderness reads the Duchess passionate plea for her son, first to her husband and then against that husbands will to the King as yet one more example of female subjugation to male power, finding in her begging on her knees to the King and her self-effacing appeal to paternal pride (He is as like thee as a man may be,/Not like to me, or any of my kin [5.2.108-109]) evidence that to save her son the Duchess is not only prepared to humi liate herselfbut even to sacrifice from her boy the personal traces of her maternal inheritance (178).I would propose that the Duchess of Yorks scenes with her husband and with King Henry display a much more profound engagement with issues of gender, maternity, paternity, and power than Holderness gives them credit for. To begin with, the Duchess of York does, as Holderness acknowledges, represent a contrasting success-story in that she succeeds in bending the will of the king to save the life of her son; perhaps she does so through a kind of subjugation For ever will I walk upon my knees/And never see day that the happy sees,/Till thou give joy/By pardoning Rutland, my transgressing boy (5.3.94-97) but it is a subjugation so literal as to seem highly self-conscious: this is a woman who, in perhaps inappropriate post-feminist terms, knows what she wants and what she has to do to get it, even especially if that means a performative reenactment of the rhetoric and structures of pa triarchy. Brilliantly manipulating those structures, the Duchess begs the king to Say pardon first, and afterwards stand up./And if I were thy nurse, thy tongue to teach,/Pardon should be the first word of they speech//Say pardon king; let pity teach thee how./The word is short, but not so short as sweet;/No word like pardon for kings mouths so meet (5.3.112-118). On her knees, she subtly inverts power structures not through nearly forcing the king to say pardon through her insistent, rhythmic, alliterative speech, but suggesting that the figure of the nurse (whom for the sake of this argument I would conflate with that of the mother as women charged with the responsibilities of child-rearing, though it is worth noting that historically the nurse is even more marginalized than the mother) is invested with the power, through teaching, of controlling what men say, of controlling the inheritance of language, of deciding what words are for kings mouths so meet. This strange female autho rity over language is also suggested in Mowbrays lament over his banishment: The language I have learnt these forty years,/My native English, now I must forgo/I am too old to fawn upon a nurse,/Too far in years to be a pupil now (1.3.159-171). Leaving his motherland and without access to a new source of maternal teaching, Mowbray conceives of himself as robbed of the power of speech, radically disassociated from language itself. The Duchess inversion remains ambivalent and the triumph incomplete, since the oppressive workings of patriarchy cannot be denied both in society and in language itself (the speech being taught by the nurse is an inherently masculinist one), but the moment is nonetheless a profound one: the scene, I would argue, suggests that even when most fully entrenched within patriarchal domination (in what Holderness calls an embrace and I would call a performative and thus destabilizing enactment), the woman, as the figure charged with the responsibility of passing l anguage on to (male) children, exerts a kind of control over that very language and thus over its uses.In the scene prior to her appeal to the King, the Duchess refuses to indict her son for his participation in the treasonous conspiracy though her husband orders her to do so, disavowing fatherly affection and accusing his wife of overly emotional feminine weakness: Thou fond mad woman,/Wilt thou conceal this dark conspiracy/Away, fond woman! Were he twenty times/My son, I would appeach him (5.2.95-102). The Duchess argues eloquently for the placement of familial bonds over political loyalties (a vexed issue throughout the play, as evidenced by the bond of blood shared by Richard and Bolingbroke that torments both men) and for the supremacy of maternal experience: Hadst thou groaned for/him/As I have done, though wouldst be more pitiful (5.2.103). Holdnerness recognizes that here the Duchess does at least suggest that femininity may have its own peculiar experiences and values, in s ome ways quite separate from the world of masculine ideology (178) but, again, I would argue that the Duchess words suggest something more meaningful than that: the traumatically painful ordeal of childbirth (the Duchess term groan, which in Shakespearean usage often directly or indirectly references the pains of labor, resonates throughout the play, as in Richards potentially transgendering injunction to the Queen: Go, count thy way with sighs; I mine with groans//Twice for one stop Ill groan, the way being short [5.1.88-91]), an ordeal that at once ruptures and strengthens the primal bond between mother and child, gives the woman access to a realm of physical and psychic experience not only separate from the world of masculine ideology, not only at odds with it, but exerting an uncanny power over it while remaining incomprehensible to it. Though tied to Linda Bambers psychoanalytic concept of feminine Otherness, female principle apart from history (quoted in Holderness 167), this evocation of maternal experience claims authority and power not only against history but within it or even over it: the profound original bond between mother and child, the traumatic (because painful and ineffaceable) ordeal of childbirth, alters the shape of history (or history as written within the history play). His words come from his mouth, ours from our breast (5.2.102) the Duchess says of her husband to the King, claiming once again the primal authority and uncanny knowledge of maternity and locating it, like Isabellas prophecy does, in the body (specifically the breast, the sons first source of food), in a place beyond and deeper than language but also (recall the image of the nurse) exerting control over language and over action. The scene of Oedipal struggle is played out between father and son but, as the King himself (symbolically the ultimate Father) cedes to the demands of the Duchess, it is the Mother who triumphs.Mothers are, of course, intimately tied to nations in the (largely masculinist) rhetoric of patriotic sentiment, as the term motherland and the traditional gendering of countries as female makes clear. The rhetoric of England-as-mother occurs throughout Richard II: Then Englands ground, farewell; sweet soil, adieu,/My mother, and my nurse, that bears me yet! (1.4.306-309) says the banished Bolingbroke, and King Richard speaks of our peace, which in our countrys cradle/Draws the sweet infant breath of gentle sleep (1.3.132-133), conceiving of the political situation (our peace) and thus, in a sense, of history as the child sleeping in the mother-countrys cradle. Most significant, of course, is the famous speech in which John of Gaunt laments the state of his beloved nation, his motherland: This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,/This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings,/Feared by their breed and famous by their birth,/Renownd for their deeds as far from home,/For Christian service and true chivalry,/As is the sepul cher in stubborn Jewry/Of the worlds ransom, blessed Marys son (2.1.50-56). Holderness argues: In Gaunts feudal and aristocratic perspective, women appear as the passive vehicles by means of which the patriarchal seed is procreatedEven the femininity of his metaphorical England is ultimately spurious, since that maternal symbol is so completely a construction of the kings and warriors who have served their country (185). Yes, but: I would suggest that my analysis of the other moments of intersection of maternity and politics in the play might allow a re-reading of Gaunts speech and of how the sentiment expressed within it functions in the play. Though his perspective is undoubtedly feudal and aristocratic and steeped in the rhetoric and ideology of patriarchy, I would propose that considerably more agency can be granted to the abstract femininity represented here by England than Holderness allows; as he acknowledges, You cannot really talk about nurses, and wombs, and birth, and bre eding, without bringing into play a feminine dimension of meaning[that] proves remarkably hard to expel (174). England is represented as both mother and nurse, both woman who gives birth and woman who breeds and teaches (the parallel structure of likes 51-52 emphasizes this point), and as a teeming womb (a woman before birth) filled with unborn children, unachieved potential, unlived history. The womb, as in Queen Isabellas speech, is rhetorically imagined as a vessel of kings and of history, but not only as a passive vehicle. As we have seen, the figure of the Mother (and of the Motherland) retains a kind of control, even if it is a control planted firmly within patriarchal structures, over the actions, words, and thoughts of the sons the warriors, the knights, the kings who create history. This is why the image of a womans body a womb is so appropriate in the middle of a movingly patriotic monologue and at the same time so jarring: the authority granted by maternity, the knowl edge/power of the womb, the insertion of female meaning into male speech (and male history), is deeply troubled and ambivalent but like the relationship of mother to son inexorable.In Richard II, the incomprehensible (to men) physical and psychic pains of pregnancy and childbirth, the traumatically disrupted but never fully shattered primal bond of child to mother, the authority of mother/nurse to teach language to the son and thus to in a sense control the way that knowledge is transmitted, grant to women an uncanny, ambivalent, but surprisingly strong control over the way that history is structured and spoken about. History, or at least history as dramatized and given narrative arc within the history play, can be envisaged as a kind of endless Oedipal battle between Father and Sons, as an older king (and generation) is deposed by a younger one. King Henry is haunted at the end by guilt over his historically ordained murder of the father-figure King Richard: Lords, I protest my s oul is full of woe/That blood should sprinkle me to make me grow (5.6.45-46). As in every Oedipal battle, though, the figure of the Mother looms large, and this is no exception: in Isabellas prophetic knowledge, in the Duchess of Gloucesters linguistic power, in John of Gaunts patriotic rhetoric, maternity exerts its uncanny force within history.Works CitedHolderness, Graham. A Womans War: A Feminist Reading of Richard II. Shakespeare Left and Right. Ed. Ivo Kamps. New York: Routledge.Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Richard the Second. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.

Corporate Finance The Objectives Of Corporate Financial...

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